Introduction:
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ERCB-2, also known as the CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340), proto-oncogene Neu, Erbb2 (rodent), or ERBB2 (human). Erythroblastic oncogene B is a gene isolated from avian genome, which is commonly called Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). Over-expression of this oncogene has been shown to play a key role in the enlargement and progression of certain destructive types of breast cancer.
HER2 and cancer
The over-expression of the ERBB2 gene, occurs in about 15-30% of breast cancers (Burstein, 2005). 1 Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, accounting for approximately 23% of all cancer diagnoses and 14% of cancer-related deaths in women universal. Over expression is also known to occur in ovarian, stomach, adenocarcinoma of the lung and aggressive forms of uterine cancer, such as uterine serous endometrial carcinoma (Santin, 2005) 2,3. HER2 is coamplified with the gene GRB7, which is a proto-oncogene connected with breast, testicular embryo cell, gastric, and esophageal lumps. HER2 proteins have been shown to form bunches in cell membranes that may play a role in tumor genesis (Kaufmann, 2011) 4
Current therapy for the breast cancer:
Trastuzumab has become the typical of repair in the dealing with patients with HER2 optimistic breast cancer. The addition of Trastuzumab to chemotherapy schedules in the adjuvant setting progresses concern in women with early stage breast cancer (Madarnas, 2008) 5-8 Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used in the concoction with Trastuzumab and Docetaxel for the dealing of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. It’s also used in the same assortment as a neoadjuvant in early HER2-optimistic breast cancer.
HER2 and EGFR, was approved in 2007 in combination with Capecitabine or Letrozole in patients with metastatic breast cancer that overexpress the HER2 receptor. In addition to breast cancer, these HER2/EGFR dual kinase inhibitors are being inspected in a number of solid tumors, like lung, gastric, and prostate cancers. All of these small molecule inhibitors contains a mutual structure categorized by a pyrimidine or pyrimidine analogue at its core. 9 Mechanism of action of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab is mentioned in Fig.1.
Tomoyasu Ishikawa at. al. has reported substituted Pyrrolo 3,2-d pyrimidine scaffold as Novel HER2 and EGFR dual inhibitors (Tomoyasu, 2011) 9 Jianzong Li et. al has reported the discovery of a potential HER2 inhibitor from ordinary products for the controlling of HER2-positive breast cancer (Jianzong, 2016). 10 From the detailed study of literature review (Tomoyasu, 2011). 9 and 10 we have decided to design novel 6,7-dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one derivatives as HER2 inhibitors with the help of molecular modeling. Design of Dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold of innovative HER2/EGFR inhibitor are described in Fig. 2. Design and pharmacokinetic profile of Dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold is mentioned in Fig. 3.
Molecular target prediction:
Bioactive small molecules such as drugs, proteins or other macro-molecular marks to modulate their undertaking, which in turn results in the pragmatic phenotype properties. Drawing the letters of bioactive small molecules is a key step in the direction of unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying their bioactivity and predicting potential side effects. Recently, large datasets of protein and small molecule interactions have become persisting, providing a unique source of information for the development of knowledge-based tactics to computationally identify new targets for uncharacterized molecules, which are the secondary targets for the molecules. Swiss target prediction, a web server to correctly predict the targets of bioactive molecules based on a combination of 2D and 3D likeness dealings with known ligands. Molecular target of novel derivatives was forecast by Swiss Target Predictor (Gfeller D, 2013) 11 Molecular target prediction of novel selected dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold of HER2/EGFR inhibitors are described in Table 1 for 8.
Molecular docking studies:
Preparation of Protein:
Crystallographic structures of the targets (3RCD) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank and saved in typical 3D coordinate format (Deepthy, 2016). 12 Preparation of active site was done by the explicit hydrogen atoms missing in the PDB structure were added using AutoDock-4 docking software. Additionally, the atom list of the molecules were set, which indicates numbers of all the atoms of the active site residues elaborate.
Molecular Docking:
Docking is a technique which predicts the preferred alignment of one molecule to a second when bound to each other to form a stable composite. The docking was done by using Autodock 2. In Autodock, the proteins were sophisticated by removing water molecules and polar hydrogen’s and kollmann charges were added. Gridbox for docking replications were constructed with 40 points in x, y, and z direction to be highlighted on the active site by AutoGrid utility of the Autodock program.
Bioactivity Prediction:
Bioactivity score is another computational tactic used to determine whether a particular molecule is similar to the known drugs or not in their molecular belongings and operational geographies. Bioactivity prediction of all selected compounds was done using Molinspiration online software tool. According to the bioactivity score, if >0 is active; if (?5. 0 to – 0.0) is moderately active and if <?5 is inactive. Bioactivity scores of designing compounds are mentioned in Table 10.
ADME/T Studies:
In silico toxicity profile of designing compounds was performed using the SWISSADME program (Ishan, 2018) 13 To be effective as a drug, a potent molecule must reach its target in the body in necessary concentration, and stay there in a bioactive form long sufficient for the expected biologic events to happen. Drug development embraces assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Earlier in the discovery process, at a stage when measured compounds are numerous, but access to the physical samples is limited. In that context, computer models constitute valid replacements to pilot.
Result and discussion:
Protein kinases play important roles in signal transduction ways that control several cellular drives, including proliferation, differentiation, immigration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Signal transduction pathways are upregulated in many tumor cells, protein kinase inhibitors that board these unregulated pathways are attractive candidates for the spite therapy. The directing of HER) or EGFR by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) symbolizes such therapeutic methodology. With the help of molecular docking studies of novel dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold show that dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one has a momentous effect on HER2/EGFR.
Among all the compounds H11 (-8.8 kcal/mol), H2 (-8.7 kcal/mol), H15 (-8.6 Kcal/mol), and H17 (-8.7 Kcal/mol) has a maximum binding affinity as associated to Cipecitabine (-6.0 kcal/mol), STD1 (-7.2 Kcal/mol) and STD2 (-7.9 Kcal/mol) and other derivatives. It has been observed that 1-(2-Chlorophenoxy) -3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene pocket play important role in kinase selectivity and pharmacokinetics profile. Methyl group at 6,7-dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold has a key role in the ATP binding site of HER2. Replacement of a ketone with hydroxyl group in 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin pocket also gives good binding affinity with Epidermal growth factor receptor. 2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-den side chain has potent effects on cell activity.
Molinspiration software showed predication of biological activity of novel derivatives. Out of the 18 design compounds H16 and H18 showed the better biological activity of G-protein coupled receptor, Ion channel Modulator, Kinase inhibitor, Nuclease receptor, Protease inhibitor, Enzyme inhibitory activity. H16 and H18 are active and remaining all compounds are moderately active.
The SWISSADME predictions indicated that the ability to penetrate the BBB was described by all compounds. All the compounds did not cross the BBB. In addition, all the compounds were revealed as non-inhibitors of the P-gp inhibitor. CYP enzymes, including several CYP450 substrates and inhibitors, play a vital role in drug metabolism. The outcomes showed that most compounds were non-inhibitors of CYP450 enzymes. The SWISS molecular target prediction it has observed that most of the compounds have significant activity against tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ERBB-2, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ERBB-3, and ERBB4 intracellular domain.
Conclusion:
HER2/EGFR are potential targets for design and development of novel anticancer agents. Molecular modeling and virtual screening play significant role in drug discovery and development. Most of the compounds giving significance activity on tyrosine kinase. 3-Chloro-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenylamino scaffold is important for kinase selectivity and pharmacokinetic profiles. 6,7-Dihydropyrano 2,3-d pyrimidin-5-one scaffold is vital for inhibition of ligand dependent HER2 dimerization and signaling. All the compounds did not cross the BBB and non-inhibitors of the P-gp inhibitor. CYP enzymes, including several CYP450 substrates and inhibitors, play a vital role in drug metabolism. Further synthesis and in vivo as well as invitro biological activity will potential for novel therapeutic approach of breast cancer episode.
Author information:
Corresponding Author: Dr. Ishan I Panchal
[email protected] of Interest
Authors have no Conflict of Interest.
References:
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